نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 73، تیر 1401)

The aim of this study was to develop an educational package on the perception of the school environment and its feasibility study on the self-defeating academic behaviors of male students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group and quarterly follow-up. The statistical population included all students studying in the second year of high school in the city of Buchan in the academic year 1399-1400. Through the purposive sampling method, 30 individuals were selected and randomly replaced into two groups of 15 experimental and control. The measuring instrument in this study was the Self-Breaking Behavior and Cognition Scale (Cunningham, 2007). The students in the experimental group underwent 8 90-minute sessions (2 sessions per week) of the school environment perception program and the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical data were analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance with SPSS software version 23. The results showed that the educational package of perception of the school environment was significant in reducing the self-defeating academic behaviors of male students (p <0.01). Based on the research results, it can be said that the educational package of perception of the school environment is a suitable intervention method to reduce self-defeating academic behaviors in male students.

COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine have led to many problems for families. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and strategies of mothers with pre-school and primary school children during the coronavirus epidemic. In order to do this phenomenological study and based on the data saturation principle, 21 mothers having pre-school and primary school children in Tehran in 2021 were interviewed and then, the data obtained from semi-structured interviews were analyzed using the Colaizzi method. In terms of challenges, 15 sub-themes were extracted, that were classified into 5 main themes, "children's behavioral problems", "children's educational concerns", disruption of life routines"٬ "mother's individual problems" and "health concerns". In the second domain, which dealt with Strategies, 10 sub-themes were obtained in the form of 3 main themes: "creating fun and entertainment for children", "Applying solutions in confronting with the child's behavioral and educational challenges", "other people cooperation with the mother in upbringing". The results showed that the coronavirus epidemic caused challenges for mothers with pre-school and primary school children, which affected some aspects of their lives. On the other hand, mothers have adopted various strategies in confronting new conditions. The results of this study may help to better understand the experiences of mothers of preschool and primary school children and also to reduce the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine on families by providing the necessary support.

Cybercrime is a growing and worrisome problem, particularly when it involves minors. Cyberaggression among adolescents in particular can result in negative legal and psychological consequences for the people involved. Therefore, it is important to have instruments to detect these incidents early and understand the problem to propose effective measures for prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA). In this descriptive-survey study, among the girl and boy students of the second grade of high school in Ahvaz in the academic year 2018-19, a sample of 300 students was selected by multi-stage random sampling method (stratified) and answered the questionnaire of the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (Álvarez-García et al., 2016). The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha, Spearman-Brown split-half, and Guttman methods, and its validity and factor structure were determined by construct validity and concurrent validity methods. Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Spearman-Brown split-half and Guttman correlation for the whole questionnaire were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model of measuring cyber-aggression for adolescents has good fitness and its 4-factor structure was confirmed (CFI=0.86, GFI=0.85, and RMSEA=0.079). The concurrent validity of this questionnaire was also confirmed by correlating its items with the items of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) and the Bullying in School Scale (BS) (p<0.05). Therefore, the CYBA offers a valid and reliable measure of cyber aggression in adolescents.

The aim of this study is to predict the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms based on traumatic childhood experiences through the mediating role of shame. The general design of the present study is the descriptive correlation of structural equations. The statistical population of this study is adults, aged 18 to 50 -who are living in Mashhad in 1400 - they have proper access to the Internet. Among them, 340 people were selected as a sample by the available method. Data were collected using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Scale (Y-BOCS-1989), the traumatic childhood experiences of Bernstein et al. CTQ-2003), and Cook's Internalized Shame (ISS-1993). Data analysis is performed using the structural equation modeling method using SPSS software version 26 and AMOS version 24. Findings showed that there is a significant correlation between childhood traumatic experiences and shame with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (P <0.01). Also, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the model of the present study has an acceptable fitness and the mediating role of shame in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (χ2/df ≤ 3) and significance level 0.001) was significant. Based on the findings of this study, traumatic childhood experiences are able to predict and affect the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms through interaction with shame.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between perceived stress, and a sense of cohesion with coronavirus anxiety in students. The research method was correlational to path analysis type. The statistical population included all Students studying at the Farhangian University of Kurdistan Province in the academic year 2020-2021, from which 300 were selected by systematic random sampling. Data were collected using the Corona Anxiety Scale (CDAS, Alipour & et al, 2019), Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (DTS, Simmons & Gaher, 2005), Perceived Stress (PSS, Cohen & et al, 1983), and Sense of Cohesion (SOC, Antonovsky, 1993). In order to analyze the data, the path analysis method was used in SPSS and AMOS-21 software. The results showed that the model fits the research data (P<0.01). According to the results, perceived stress, sense of cohesion, and distress tolerance have a direct effect on coronavirus anxiety in students. Also, perceived stress and a sense of cohesion have an indirect effect on coronavirus anxiety through distress tolerance (P<0.01). Therefore, the results show that a high sense of cohesion and high distress tolerance, despite perceived stress, can prevent the impact of coronavirus stressors on human health.

The present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy on the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive emotion regulation, psychological well-being, and quality of life in the elderly. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly living in Illam city during 2021. For this aim, 32 of the elderly were chosen through a convenience sampling method along with inclusion criteria and placed randomly into two groups experimental and control (with 16 members). In order to collect data, questionnaires on cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski et al, 2001-CERQ), psychological well-being (Ryff, 2002- RSPWB), and quality questionnaires (BREF-WHOQOL, 1996) were used. The experimental group received treatment based on acceptance and commitment in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any therapeutic intervention. Research data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of dependent variables in the post-test stage (P<0/001). The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment is effective in reducing, maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and increasing adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies for psychological well-being and quality of life in the elderly.

Aggression is one of the most common and influential behaviors on individual and social aspects of the individual, including personality, desirability and social efficiency, and adolescents' attitudes. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of social desirability in the relationship between personality traits and dysfunctional attitudes toward aggressive behaviors of adolescents. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all adolescents in Ardabil 1400-1399, 200 of whom were selected as a sample using the sampling method available online and through virtual networks (WhatsApp, Telegram, Shad). And participated in this study. Data collection tools included DAS-C (2006) Dys-C dysfunctional attitude scale questionnaire, NEO-FFI short-form personality questionnaire (1985), DAS-CA (1960) social utility questionnaire, and Bass and Perry aggression questionnaire ( 1992) were BPAQ. The collected data were analyzed using Spss 24 and Lisrel 8.8 software and the path analysis method. The results showed that the research model is approved in terms of significance and fit indicators and inefficient attitude variables and personality traits in addition to the direct effect, indirectly affecting aggression through social desirability (P <0.001). According to the research findings, it can be used in educational programs and psychological interventions and improve their performance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of analytical psychotherapy based on object relationships (transference–focused) on personality organization and defense styles of individuals with a borderline personality disorder. The research method was A-B-A single-subject design. The statistical population included all people with borderline personality disorder who were referred to the outpatient department of Zare Psychiatric Hospital and Mana Sari in the period from May to June 2019, which were 32 with the approval of a psychiatrist, of which 7 were selected by the targeted sampling method. And in two groups of analytical psychotherapy based on object relationships, 4 people and 3 people in the control group were randomly assigned and treated for 100 sessions. Data were collected in five baseline stages, intermediate stage, treatment progress, termination, and follow-up during one year, using Cronberg IPO Personality Organization Questionnaire (Kernberg, 2002) and DSQ-40 Defense Styles (Andorz & et al., 1993) Was collected. For statistical analysis, graph analysis, stable change, and recovery percentage were used. Findings showed that analytical psychotherapy based on object relationships (transference–focused) can have favorable results on the psyche of personality organization and defense styles of people with borderline personality. Successful treatment of borderline patients is much more complex than research literature shows, and treatment outcome is not successful versus failure but covers a number of functional areas. We also need more research to generalize the results

The aim of this study was to investigate the effective strategies of adolescents in dealing with grief caused by parental divorce.  This research is based on a qualitative approach and has described the subject in depth using a phenomenological design.  Participants in this study were 12 adolescent students aged 14-18 in the academic year 1399-1400 belonging to the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, and Lorestan who were selected by the snowball method, and sampling was done based on the principle of saturation.  Data were collected during semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Colaizzi method.  Finally, after analyzing the data, 5 main categories such as the central phenomenon of grief, causal factors in adjustment, grief consequences, adaptive mediators, and effective strategies in adjustment, and 14 sub-categories were concluded, which are discussed in detail in the research text.

The current study aimed to predict mental and social health based on personality traits in people ‎recovering from the covid-19 disease‎‏.‏ The research method was descriptive correlational and statistical population including all rescued people from Covid-19 disease in Tehran hospitals (Masih Daneshvari, Imam Khomeini, Martyrs of Yaftabad, Sina, Shariati, Taleghani, Hazrat Rasool Akram, Haft Tir) Between July and September 2021, four to six months had passed since their discharge from the hospital, from which 150 people were selected by purposive sampling. The research instruments were NEO Personality Traits Questionnaire (NEO), Keys Social Health Questionnaire (KSWBQ), and Goldberg Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The collected data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression. The results showed that the personality traits of extraversion, agreement, openness, and responsibility have a negative and significant relationship with the mental health of people recovering from covid-19 disease (P <0.01). Also, the personality traits of extroversion, agreement, openness, and responsibility have a positive and significant relationship with the social health of people recovering from covid-19 disease (P <0.01). Other results showed that extraversion, neuroticism, and openness predicted 31.9% of the mental health of people recovering from covid-19 disease (P <0.01), and the scale of openness, agreement, Extraversion, and responsibility predicted 39.3% of the social health of people recovering from covid-19 disease (P <0.01). In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of personality traits in predicting the mental and social health of patients recovering from the covid-19 disease.

Job issues are one of the most important and fundamental issues in today's society. The expansion of urbanization, the development of industry, globalization, economic competition, and factors like them have made employment a fundamental issue in human life today. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group training based on acceptance and commitment to burnout and job motivation of Social Security employees. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of the method with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The study population consisted of all male and female employees working in the Social Security Organization of Tehran in 2021- 2022, of which 60 people were randomly selected by cluster random sampling in two experimental and control groups (30 companies in each group). کردننده). The instruments of the present study included the Maslash et al. (MBI) burnout questionnaire (MBI) (1981) and the Hackman Aldham job motivation questionnaire (MPS) (1975). Acceptance and commitment training intervention was performed in 9 sessions of 90 minutes once a week, But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings showed that acceptance and commitment training is effective on burnout and academic motivation (P <0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that group training based on acceptance and commitment is effective in reducing burnout and increasing job motivation of Social Security employees.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between authoritarian parenting and conduct disorder mediated by self-esteem in male adolescents living in correction and rehabilitation centers. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all adolescent boys in correction and rehabilitation centers in Kerman, Yazd, and Hormozgan provinces and one of their parents in 2020 years, in this study, 180 samples participated by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ (Goodman, 1997), Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire; BPSQ (Baumrind, 1971)) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; CSEI (Coopersmith, 1967) was performed. Data analysis was done by the path analysis method. Bootstrap results showed that the direct effects of authoritarian parenting on self-esteem (β=0.226), authoritarian parenting on conduct disorder (β=0.424), and self-esteem on conduct disorder (β=-0.747) are significant (P<0.05). The results also showed that the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting mediated by self-esteem on conduct disorder (β= 0.161) is significant and has a partial mediating role (P<0.05). Other results showed that the proposed model has a good fit. Authoritarian parenting is a negative factor on adolescents' self-esteem that can play an effective role in adolescent conduct problems, so to prevent conduct problems in adolescents, attention should be paid to improving parenting skills.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of parental education with the Barclay Behavioral approach and Adlerian- Dreikurs approach on improving the social skills of children with defecation disorders. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The study population included all children with defecation disorders referred to the specialized pediatric clinic in Gorgan in 1399. Using purposive sampling, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups of 10 people. In the first experimental group, mothers received Barclay Behavioral Training and in the second experimental group, mothers received Adlerian- Dreikurs training in 12 sessions of 90-minutes twice a week. The research instrument was Matson's (1983) Social Skills Questionnaire (MESSY) parent form. Data were analyzed by Multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS 22 software. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the different scores of pre-test-post-test in the parent education intervention groups with Barclay Behavioral approach and Adlerian- Dreikurs approach with the control group of all Subcomponent of social skill except excellence component (P<0/05). Also, there is no significant difference between parent education with the Barclay approach and parent education with Adlerian- Dreikurs approach for the social skills Subcomponent (P <0.05). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that parent education with Barclay and Adlerian- Dreikurs approach has improved all subcomponents of social skills except the excellence subcomponent in children with defecation disorders and both treatments have the same effectiveness. Have improved social skills.

The aim of this study was to predict academic Buoyancy based on cognitive flexibility and academic self-concept of high school students. The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all female high school students in District 2 of Tabriz from 1401-1400, from which 446 people were selected as a sample by the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Academic Retention Questionnaire (ABS, Martin & Marsh,2008) and the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (CFI, Dennis & Vanderwall, 2010), and the Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (ASC, Yi Sen Chen, 2004). Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression (stepwise). The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between cognitive flexibility, alternatives, control, academic self-concept, and its components with academic Buoyancy (P > 0.001). The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that academic self-concept, cognitive flexibility, and alternatives to human behavior predict 29% of the variance related to academic Buoyancy. The results show that the more students have cognitive flexibility and a positive academic self-concept, the more academic Buoyancy they will have.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic expectations stress and academic self-defeating behaviors with respect to the mediating role of uncertainty intolerance. The research is fundamental and is of descriptive_correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all students of Qom Islamic Azad University who were studying in the academic year 1399-400. The sample of the study was 420 students who participated in the study in an accessible way and through self-report through social networks WhatsApp, Instagram, Email, Soroush, and Aigap according to the pandemic conditions of Covid 19. The research instruments were the Uncertainty Intolerance Scale (IUS) of Freeston et al (1994), the Ang and Huan (2006) academic expectations stress Questionnaire (AESI), and the Cunningham (2007) Behavior and Self-Cognition Scale (SDBCs). structural equation models were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed with 25 SPSS and 3 smart pls software. The results of the data analysis showed that the indicators of the proposed model have an acceptable fit. The path of academic expectations stress to self-defeating academic behaviors (β = 0.499, P = 0.000), academic expectations stress to intolerance of uncertainty (P = 0.000, β = 0.546) and uncertainty intolerance to self-defeating academic behaviors (β = 0.488 , P = 0.000) is reported. Findings show that the stress of academic expectations mediated by intolerance of uncertainty has an effect on self-defeating academic behaviors.

Covid-19 pandemic conditions have affected various aspects of students' lives, One of the most important effects in the field of education is academic failure. In-depth and extensive research is needed to investigate the factors affecting academic failure in the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of high school students who have suffered quantitatively or qualitatively in the covid-19 pandemic than before. The method of this study is qualitative and with a descriptive phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews have been used to collect data. Using criterion-based purposive sampling, after 10 interviews with eighth to eleventh-grade students in Mashhad in 1400, the results were saturated. An in-depth analysis of students' perspectives showed that various factors have influenced their academic failure during the pandemic. Which includes three axes: individual, environmental and educational. Individual focus includes distraction, nervousness, Depression, stress (psychological problems), Decreased quality of learning, motivation, cheating, poor reading, shortening of time (learning), And playfulness, electronic games, harmful information, and virtual. Environmental factors include school, recreation (uplifting environments) and family behavior, friends, and classmates (relatives). Educational factors include Internet problems, problems with educational software (educational platform), low quality of teaching, change in class hours, teacher disorder, and teacher non-response. It is recommended that those in charge of this matter try to improve the quality of education, improve the virtual education capability of teachers, take care of mental health and increase the skills of students to be more adaptable to these conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural model of Covid 19 disease anxiety based on perceived stress with the mediating role of perceived social support in students. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch in the academic year 1399-400. The sample size was 322 people who were selected by cluster random sampling. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CDAS, Alipour et al., 1398), Perceived stress (PSS, Cohen et al., 1983), and Perceived social support (MSPSS, Zimet et al., 1998) were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling with the help of SPSS 27 and AMOS 24 statistical software. The results showed that the general model of the research fits with the experimental data. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived stress and anxiety in Covid 19 disease (p = 0.001, β = 0.60). And there is a negative and significant relationship between perceived stress and perceived social support (p = 0.001, β = -0.72). But the mediating role of social support between perceived stress and disease anxiety was not confirmed (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that reducing perceived stress and having perceived social support play an effective role in reducing coronary heart disease anxiety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problem-solving strategies in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with resilience in the Covid-19 era. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The study population consisted of all male and female undergraduate and graduate students of Allameh Tabataba’i and Kharazmi universities in 2021-2022, from which 220 people were selected as a sample online and available. Research questionnaires included: The resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC, Connor and Davidson, 2003), the Problem Solving Strategies Questionnaire (PSSQ, Cassidy & Long, 1996), the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ, Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ, Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fit in well. Findings showed that metacognitive beliefs could indirectly predict resilience through constructive problem-solving strategies (p<0.001). Also, the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy was able to predict resilience both directly and indirectly through the constructive problem-solving strategy (p<0.001). It can be concluded that the constructive problem-solving strategy has a key role in students' resilience and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interacting with each other in resilience promotion programs.

The aim of this study was to compare Alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among two groups of people, individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, substance abuse, and healthy individuals. The study was of causal-comparative design. Part of the statistical population of this study consisted of all women with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse in 2020 in Qom city and another part consisted of healthy women in this city. By purposive sampling method, 90 people were selected as the sample. The scales used in the study, including the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GADQ-IV) Spitzer et al (2006), Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) Connor et al (2000), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) Bagby et al (1994), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) Garnefski et al (2001). The results of the analysis of Manova showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder and substance abuse in healthy people (P<0.01). But there was no significant difference between people with symptoms of generalized and social anxiety disorder and people with substance abuse (P>0.05). Overall, people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, and substance abuse have higher scores on Alexithymia and negative emotion regulation strategy and lower scores on positive emotion regulation strategy than healthy individuals.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the parenting education packages in reducing social problems and the lack of attention of adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems. The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent children in Ahvaz in 2020. The research sample consisted of 34 people from the statistical population who were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups (experimental - 17 people and control group - 17 people). The experimental group underwent a developed parenting package for 8 sessions of 75 minutes; two sessions a week. In order to collect data in pre-test and post-test, Achenbach and Rescuela's (2001) Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).  The results showed that the developed educational package had a significant effect on the score of social problems (P <0.01, F = 17.240), but this change was not significant in the lack of adolescents' attention (p <0.05, F = 2.923). According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the developed parenting package can be used as an effective intervention to empower parents in solving social problems of adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems.